Organizational Leadership
Fatemehsadat Mir; Seyyed medi alvani; Hamed Dehghanan; mehdi golshani; Zohreh Dehdashti
Abstract
The importance of leadership on the one hand and the plurality of opinions in this field on the other hand increase the need to rethink and conduct research in this regard. The purpose of this exploratory research is to identify gaps in existing leadership theories and to present a new meta-theory to ...
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The importance of leadership on the one hand and the plurality of opinions in this field on the other hand increase the need to rethink and conduct research in this regard. The purpose of this exploratory research is to identify gaps in existing leadership theories and to present a new meta-theory to address these gaps. In this library research, we used meta-theory, which is one of the effective research methods for rethinking science. The statistical community is all the articles that investigated leadership theories. Sampling by judgmental method reached the number of 200 articles until theoretical saturation. In this research, we first categorized leadership theories based on the five paradigms of science and then identified theoretical gaps. Based on the research findings, the gaps in the organization's leadership theories go back to the material ontology that governs them, and the solution is to change the perspective towards the unificationist meta-theory and human knowledge in higher dimensions. We have presented our metatheoretical view based on unificationist theories of physics, because unificationist ontology, emphasizing the multiplicity of dimensions and the unity of forces in existence, considers the truth to be something beyond the material world.
Mehdi Yazdanshenas; Hamed Dehghanan; Saeid Sehhat; Forough Saghayan
Abstract
This study aimed to provide a model for the career path strategies of managers in the Iranian insurance industry. The research method is qualitative in terms of the nature of the research and applied in terms of purpose. The Participants whose number was determined based on theoretical saturation are ...
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This study aimed to provide a model for the career path strategies of managers in the Iranian insurance industry. The research method is qualitative in terms of the nature of the research and applied in terms of purpose. The Participants whose number was determined based on theoretical saturation are the insurance industry managers selected by systematic sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and data analysis was performed using a data-based method. The results indicate the identification of causal conditions affecting career path strategies, including career path anchorages, objective and subjective career path plateaus; The main phenomenon in career path strategies, including networking, self-presentation, and interpersonal attractions; Background conditions and environment affecting career path strategies, including clarity of career path steps, costly view of education and gender; Interfering conditions affecting career path strategies such as job-to-job fit, meritocracy system, and job fit to individual interests; Strategies and actions affecting career path strategies such as human capital, communication and technical knowledge of individuals; The consequences of career strategies were such as recognition, independence and flourishing of the talents of insurance industry managers in Iran.IntroductionThe career path is one of the key and important pillars of human capital because it is related to people's working lives and can play an essential role in the success of employees and organizations (Vos et al., 2021: 286). In this regard, career path management in a new approach is a tool for implementing human resources development programs to establish a balance between individual and organizational needs (Niri et al., 144:1400). In fact, career path management by providing a clear perspective creates conditions in which managers reach a balance between the formation of a psychological contract related to the development of the career path and job security in the path of agreement (Hirschi & Koen, 2021:115). In this regard, career path strategies are considered one of the most important topics in career path management. In recent decades, managers and employees have used career path strategies for career advancement and success. They consider themselves among their main work programs (Santos et al., 2019: 418). However, the concept of career path strategies, one of the important aspects of individual career path management, has received less attention in this industry. Based on this, it can be said that one of the research gaps in the development strategies of human resources in this industry is the examination of the strategies for the career advancement of managers with a new approach and considering today's highly competitive and challenging environment. With the investigations carried out in the existing literature in this field, it was found that no study has been conducted to explore the factors and fields affecting managers' career path strategies, and there is a theoretical and research gap in this field. The distinguishing aspect of this research from previous research is that the previous studies have either introduced different types of career path strategies or simply determined the type of strategy used and its effect on job behaviors and attitudes in a limited area. The current research seeks to explain a relatively comprehensive model of career path strategies, factors influencing their emergence, background conditions, mediators, and consequences of career path strategies in the insurance industry in Iran. Based on this, the main question of the research has been stated as follows: What is the career path strategy model of insurance industry managers?Research methodologyAccording to the purpose, the current research is fundamental and applied and is based on the qualitative method of data-based analysis and the Strauss and Corbin method. It includes the three main stages of open, axial, and selective coding. The statistical population of the research includes all senior managers of the insurance industry in Iran who have five years of management experience. This research used the theoretical sampling method due to the foundation's data theorizing, and theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting the tenth interview.In this research, the validity and reliability were checked with the criteria of validity, transferability, reliability, and verifiability. The results of these codes showed an overall reliability equal to 89%, which indicates an acceptable reliability.Discussion and ResultsThe analysis of the results showed that the causal conditions of this research included the effective factors on career path strategies. Meanwhile, the interviewees confirmed the anchors of the career path, which include the manager's preferences and interests in the field of work.The first category: The main phenomenon: The main phenomenon in this research is career path strategies. According to experts, the most important strategy insurance industry managers use in their career path is networking. According to the experts, the second strategy that seemed important was to become a candidate or present yourself. The experts also agreed that a person's personality, passion, abilities, and skills can provide them with a better career path.The second category, Strategies: Based on this, the experts stated that in the insurance industry, people's technical knowledge and skill training are very important. Because the world has moved towards skill training, degree-oriented has no place in organizations.The third category, Contextual factors, and the governing platform: Experts said this category is not given much attention in the insurance industry in Iran, and the majority agreed that looking at education in this industry is a cost perspective. Therefore, on this basis, they suggested that the academic system should be strengthened in the insurance industry.The fourth category: In the field of job security, most of the surveyed experts stated that job security is not very important in the insurance industry because the contracts are short-term, and some experts also stated that anyone can understand and interpret job security. They also stated that the concept of balance between work and life is different from the point of view of different people, and the more a person moves to the higher side of the organization, the more this balance is disturbed.The fifth category, Consequences: According to experts, the more people participate in circles and expand their networking scope, the more they become known, and this knowledge provides more responsibilities for them and causes people to have a higher sense of independence and satisfaction in their career path.ConclusionAccording to the research findings, practical tips are suggested for insurance companies about managers' career path strategies. Since about 90% of the experts stated that each of the managers had different strategies in the context of their career path, organizations have designed their career paths according to their mission and existential philosophy. Therefore, it is suggested that the companies active in Iran's insurance industry provide an atmosphere indicating freedom and diversity in choosing a career path in their organizations to meet managers' expectations.
Seyyed Ali Akbar Afjahi; Vahid Khashei Varnamkhasti; Hamed Dehghanan; Artimass Massveh Mobarakeh
Abstract
In today’s society, important human interactions takes place through information technology, and this requires a reconstruction of leadership concept. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for virtual leadership. This study is fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of ...
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In today’s society, important human interactions takes place through information technology, and this requires a reconstruction of leadership concept. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for virtual leadership. This study is fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection. In order to conduct this research, the multi-grounded theory method has been used, which is a combination of grounded theory and meta-synthesis. Based on set criteria, 32 researches were selected and the relevant codes were identified. In addition, 15 academic scholars in the field of leadership and communication were interviewed. These scholars were selected by theoretical sampling method and data analyzed in the form of grounded theory. As a result, the following concepts and categories were extracted: emotional intelligence, cultural intelligence, continuous learning, resilience, electronic charisma, empathy and originality (personal traits); Adaptability, openness to experience, risk-taking, social and criticism (personality traits); Digital writing skills, digital literacy, audience recognition, persuasion, personal branding and social networking (communication skills); and Electronic trust building, change management, remote penetration, cognitive ,empowerment and interpersonal skills were identified as behavioral skills. The findings of this study can help guide people in cyberspace who interact with their followers through electronic media.IntroductionThe new virtual environment and communications due to technologies bring new meaning to leadership. Revising some aspects of leadership in a virtual environment is necessary. In this context, virtual leadership is a new kind where leaders mediate human interaction through information and communication technology (Freeman,2017:1-2). Similar to leadership in face-to-face contexts, virtual leadership can be transmitted via traits, behaviors, cognitions, and affect. Each of these mechanisms provides unique ways for leadership influence to be transmitted and received by others and offers implications for virtual leadership theory. Keep in mind that virtual leadership is part of the broader domain of science and practice of leadership, which must be examined coherently (Torre & sarti,2020:5).It should be noted that research on virtual leadership is at an early stage. Regarding Reichers and Scheider’s three-stage concept development model, which includes introduction/elaboration, evaluation/augmentation, and consolidation/accommodation, the study of virtual leadership is at the introduction/elaboration stage. In addition, the concept of virtual leadership often examines the dominant concepts in leadership by focusing on the existing theories of leadership. Although leadership goals have not changed, virtual leaders pursue the achievement of goals through people and in a virtual environment, which in turn has changed the traditional leader-follower relationship. Considering the above explanations and existing research gaps, we intend to investigate the characteristics and skills of virtual leaders.Materials and MethodsAlmost half of the research conducted in this field is based on the content analysis of articles, and the existing literature in the field of virtual leadership that specifically introduces virtual leadership through empirical studies is relatively rare. In this article, by using the method of multi-grounded theory and using the opinions of experts, the characteristics and skills of virtual leadership have been investigated. For this purpose, articles, books, reliable foreign and domestic websites were reviewed. Finally, 175 researches and texts related to the topic were identified. In the second step, documents were qualitatively reviewed. After considering the filters, 32 studies were finally selected to enter the meta synthesis stage. The retrieved articles were evaluated in terms of content quality. The third step in meta synthesis is the analysis and integration of qualitative findings. In this step, the extracted codes have been converted into concepts, and concepts into categories. The basis of the classification of these codes is built on the similarity of different codes with each other. In the next step, extracted concepts and categories are included in the interview. At this stage, in order to collect data, interviews were conducted with academic experts and researchers in the field of leadership and communication, especially in the virtual field, who were selected by theoretical sampling method. After completing the first interview, the analysis process began and finally the virtual leadership pattern was designed.Discussion and ResultsA detailed review of the selected studies led to the extraction of 47 codes and the review of the interviewees' opinions led to the identification of 67 codes. After combining the codes obtained from the meta synthesis stage and the grounded theory, different categories were linked to each other and to the central variable. Finally, based on the analysis, 4 main categories, 24 concepts and 73 signs were obtained. The following concepts and categories were extracted in the result: Emotional intelligence, cultural intelligence, continuous learning, resilience, electronic charisma, digital empathy and originality as categories related to personal traits; Adaptability, openness to experience, risk-taking, social and criticism as categories related to personality traits; Digital writing skills, digital literacy, audience recognition, persuasion, personal branding and social networking as categories related to communication skills; and Electronic trust building, electronic change management, remote penetration, cognitive,empowerment and interpersonal skills were identified as categories related to behavioral skills ConclusionsThe pervasive features of information and communication technology have penetrated more strongly in the relationship between leaders and followers in the recent decades.one of the questions raised is that when relationships are formed based on network interactions, how does leadership change? In this regard, leaders, researchers and management theorists have concentrated on the “How” and the “What” but have neglected the “Who”. On the other hand, the studies have focused on some general competencies of virtual leaders and so far a comprehensive classification of the traits and skills required for virtual leadership has not been provided. The main goal of this research is to identify the characteristics and skills of virtual leadership, and for this purpose, Multi-Grounded Theory have been used. The focus of this theory is related to its various sources of knowledge and information. This type of information is both for the creation of the theory and a guarantee for its validity.The research results show that although there is still a belief in the importance of traditional leadership qualities, there is a recognition that amplification of various elements is needed as technology is integrated into the context.
Mehdi Yazdanshenas; Saeid Babakhani
Abstract
Sales persons and their performance in each industry and area is one of the main factors affecting the success of organizations. Network behavior as a new concept in personal and organizational behavior literature, is under researchers’ consideration. In this research the researcher was going to ...
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Sales persons and their performance in each industry and area is one of the main factors affecting the success of organizations. Network behavior as a new concept in personal and organizational behavior literature, is under researchers’ consideration. In this research the researcher was going to gather proper content about networking behavior; also in this research been tried to survey the relation between networking behavior, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The data gathering tool was standard questionnaire; to analyze the gathered data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used and the SPSS and LISREL software were the analyzing software. The results indicate a significant relationship between a variety of networking behavior (Internal Networking Behavior, Professional Networking Behavior, customer Networking Behavior) and different types of organizational commitment (Normative Commitment, Affective Commitment, Continual Commitment). The findings also show that sales person's job satisfaction as a mediator has decisive role in the relationship between types of networking behavior and types of organizational commitment
Hamed Dehghanan; karim Rahmati
Abstract
The field of electronic human resoures has turned out to be an importantfield in organization and particularly in human resoures of organizations in recent years. In this study, the main objective is to identify and demonstrate the relationship between factors and the success of electronic human resource ...
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The field of electronic human resoures has turned out to be an importantfield in organization and particularly in human resoures of organizations in recent years. In this study, the main objective is to identify and demonstrate the relationship between factors and the success of electronic human resource management systems. In this regard, literature on this topic is studied and collecting indicators have been classified them into four groups of technological, organizational, behavioral, and environmental factors. The statistical population of this study is HR professionals and employees of companies that bought e-HRM software from System Group in Tehran. The sampling process was done and sample size of 297 was estimated. The method of research in this study is descriptive/survey. For data collection, a questionnaire of 43 items used. Finally, 270 questionnares were gathered and analyzed with LISREL and SPSS softwares. the result show that there is a significant relationship between factors and success of electronic human resources management systems.
